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4.6.2020

Meyve ağaçlarının kabusu ökse otu

Meyve ağaçlarının kabusu ökse otu

Birçok ağaç türünde yarı parazit olarak yaşam süren ökse otu, meyve üreticilerinin baş belası olabiliyor. İşte ökse otundan kurtulmanın püf noktaları.

Ökse otu meyve ve orman ağaçları ile süs bitkileri dahil olmak üzere yaklaşık 200’e yakın bitki türü üzerinde yarı parazit olarak yaşayan bir yabancı ot: Halk arasında ampir, burç, çekem, gevele, gökçe, yapışkan otu, bacaksız bitki, gövelek ve güvelek gibi isimlerle de tanınan bu yarı asalak bitki ekonomik önemi bulunan birçok üründe kayıplara yol açabiliyor. Armut, erik, kayısı, elma, badem, ahlat, ceviz, kestane bunlardan bazıları. Bunlarla birlikte söğüt, kavak, meşe gibi ağaçların da odun kalitesini düşürüyor.

Verim kaybı yüzde 50’yi buluyor

Her dem yapraklı, çiçekleri tek eşeyli ve yapışkan, sulu ve yumuşak meyveli ökse otunun yayılma biçimi oldukça ilginç. Yapışkan yapısı sayesinde kuşların gaga ve ayaklarına yapışarak veya başta ardıç kuşları olmak üzere meyveleri yiyen kuşların kondukları ağaçlar üzerine dışkılarını bırakmasıyla yayılan tohumlar taşındığı ağaçta çimlenerek gelişimini sürdürüyor.

Çimlenen ökse otu tohumları ağaç kabuğunu delerek emeçlerini odun borularına dek ulaşıyor ve konukçusunun su ile mineral maddelerine ortak oluyor. Ökse otu nedeniyle hassas meyvelerde yüzde 50’ye varan oranda verim kayıpları görülebiliyor.

meyve-agaclarinin-kabusu-okse-otu1.jpg

Kuşlara dikkat!

Çoğunlukla kuşlar aracılığıyla çoğalan ökse otunun yayılmasını engellemenin yolu da yine kuşlardan geçiyor.  Bu noktada kuşlar için alternatif besin kaynakları oluşturmak oldukça önemli. Bir diğer önlemin ise biyolojik mücadele olduğu söylenebilir. Yapılan araştırmalar ökse otunun gelişimini engelleyen 30 kadar mantar türü olduğunu gösteriyor. Ancak ökse otuna karşı biyolojik mücadelenin çok etkili olduğu söylenemez.

En etkili yöntem mekanik mücadele

En etkili kontrol tekniği olarak mekanik mücadele öne çıkıyor. Mekanik mücadele, ökse otunun tohum bağlamadan uzaklaştırılması ve bulaşık dalların 20-30 cm alttan budanmasıyla yapılıyor. Şiddetli salgınlarda ise diğer ağaçlara bulaşmanın engellenmesi için kimi zaman ağacın tamamen sökülerek uzaklaştırılması gerekiyor.

BGD desteği

Kimyasal mücadelede ise 2,4 D terkipli ilaçlar kullanılıyor. Bu teknikle mevcut ökse otları tamamen yok edilemese de yeni sürgün vermeleri geciktirilebiliyor. Bir diğer mücadele tekniğinde ise bitki gelişim düzenleyici (BGD) Ethephon maddesinden yararlanılıyor. Oldukça etkili olduğu belirtilen bu yöntemin başarıya ulaşabilmesi için uygulamanın belirli aralıklarla tekrar edilmesi gerek.


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